It can be used during classroom periods and preflight and postflight briefings. In all cases, a systematic plan of action requires the use of an appropriate training syllabus. Clearly defined training objectives that the student understands are essential to the teaching process regardless of the teaching technique used, Research into how people learn has led many experts to recommend ways to present lessons that keep the attention of a class. Defining a "good instructor" has proven more elusive, but in The Essence of Good Teaching (1985), psychologist Stanford C. Ericksen wrote "good teachers select and organize worthwhile course material, lead students to encode and integrate this material in memorable form, ensure competence in the procedures and methods of a discipline, sustain intellectual curiosity, and promote how to learn independently", Much research has been devoted to trying to discover what makes a "good" or effective instructor. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. To learn skills, students must practice. Information such as equipment, tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should be included. To achieve desired learning outcomes through the lecture method, an instructor needs considerable skill in speaking, As indicated in chapter 2, a students rate of retention drops off significantly after the first 10-15 minutes of a lecture and improves at the end. The examiner for the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) is required to ask four questions in each of the subject areas, which are required by the regulations to be taught. By organizing in this manner, the instructor phrases the questions to help the students obtain a firm grasp of the subject matter and to minimize the possibility of a rambling discussion, Plan at least one lead-off question for each desired learning outcome. Visual aids must be visible to the entire class. In certain instances, the instructor has no opportunity to assign preliminary work and must face the students for the first time. End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. The video adds a multimedia element to the lecture, is a good attention getter, and can be used to visually demonstrate the learning objective, Even the most knowledgeable instructor must properly organize the material. Basic VOR/NDB radio navigation procedures are also perishable and could save lives if proficiency is maintained. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. Picturesque slang and free-and-easy colloquialisms, if they suit the subject, can add variety and vividness to a teaching lecture. Effective case studies require the student to use critical thinking skills, An excellent source of real-world case studies for flight instructors can be found at the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) where descriptions of more than 140,000 aviation accidents are located. [Figure 4-19], A more advanced application of computer-based training may involve less instructor control. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion by telling them something about the subject matter to be covered, In a lecture, the instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time. This type of summary is one of the most effective tools available to the instructor. Rehearsals, or dry runs, help smooth out the mechanics of using notes, visual aids, and other instructional devices. female attractiveness scale with pictures; osdi 2021 accepted papers The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. Understanding these distinctions helps the instructor become a more skilled user of questions, The instructor often uses a question to open up an area for discussion. Three types of problem-based instruction are discussed: scenario based, collaborative problem-solving, and case study, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. There are three stages of action. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. An effective instructor never stops learning. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. Since much of the new technology is based on computer technology, instructors with well-developed computer skills are in demand, Although the explosion of training technology offers new opportunities, instructors must remember their main teaching goals and be selectively receptive to new possibilities. While the instructor should have the answer in mind before asking the question, the students need to think about the question before answering. For these reasons, it is likely to hold the interest of the students, An instructor who is thoroughly prepared or who has made the presentation before can usually speak effectively without notes. Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. [Figure 4-17], In practice, the choice of instructional aids depends on several factors. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. In addition to its uses as a summary and transitional device, the interim summary may also be used to keep the group on the subject or to divert the discussion to another member, A guided discussion is closed by summarizing the material covered. Decision-based training objectives allow for a more dynamic training environment and are ideally suited to scenario type training. This is necessary to be certain a student is on track with the training syllabus. On the other hand, an independent instructor may have considerable latitude, but limited resources. The extemporaneous presentation reflects the instructors personal enthusiasm and is more flexible than other methods. He or she maintains currency in the subject matter being taught, as well as how to teach it by reading professional journals and other aviation publications, many of which can be viewed or purchased via the Internet, another source of valuable aviation information for professional instructors, As students advance, consider having them teach a topic to the instructor, to demonstrate their understanding and force them to dig deep into the details. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. The student may then conduct a review of questions missed, Some of the more advanced CAL applications allow students to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their responses. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. Pilot skill evaluations occur during the conduct of courses at FAA-approved schools, and teaching instructors should verify that learners meet the proficiency requirements prior to sending them for any stage check. This allows the student to make decisions that fit his or her experience level and result in positive outcomes. For example, in concluding a discussion on density altitude, an instructor might give a fairly complete description of an accident which occurred due to a pilot attempting to take off in an overloaded airplane from a short runway at a high-altitude airport on a hot day, The summary should be succinct, but not incomplete. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. Another example is dead reckoning, which forces pilots to be aware of there surroundings at all times. These slide shows can be only bulleted information or incorporate animation and video clips. Generally, the syllabus contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. Certification tests do not represent an entire training syllabus, A broad, overall objective of any pilot training course is to qualify the student to be a competent, efficient, safe pilot for the operation of specific aircraft types under stated conditions. For example, there are several types of lectures, such as the illustrated talk where the speaker relies heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to the listeners. This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish the instructional value of the CD or DVD, As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs. This results in considerable one-on-one instructor-student interaction. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. For example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME, Effective instructors are not only knowledgeable about aviation, they are also knowledgeable about teaching. (See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. 1 shows the conceptual model of an instructor's work during an SBT session, following the design of our simulator concept. They are essential for reporting complicated information. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is well used. These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. A model is even more effective if it works like the original, and if it can be taken apart and reassembled. While it is important to provide hands-on tasks in the lesson plan to engage students in active learning, it is also important to ensure the tasks are completed safely and correctly, In Chapter 2, The Learning Process, learning was defined as "a change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience. For example, the presentation is not designed to replace the instructor. The instructors success is determined to a large degree by the ability to organize material and to select and utilize a teaching method appropriate to a particular lesson, Application is student use of the instructors presented material. Another important people skill used by effective instructors is to challenge students intellectually while supporting their efforts to learn. Ac lectus vel risus suscipit sit amet hendrerit a venenatis. There are several points at which assessments can be made: before training, during training, and after training. The instructor should set up and adjust the equipment and lighting beforehand and then preview the presentation. Research indicates that students completing cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher test scores, higher self-esteem, improved social skills, and greater comprehension of the subjects they are studying. Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. For example, technology flight training devices and flight simulators are used by everyone from flight schools to major airlines, as well as the military. Rather, flight maneuvers are integrated into the flight training scenarios and conducted as they would occur in the real world. Prior planning and rehearsal will help determine the important points and concepts that should be stressed, either during the presentation or as part of a summary. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. B. want to escape from frustrating situations. save a lot closing list 2020; jacques torres parents names. Models are especially adaptable to small group discussions in which students are encouraged to ask questions. Leadoff questions should usually begin with how or why. The software may include additional features such as image banks with full color photos and graphics, as well as questions or directions which are programmed to create interactivity for students as they progress through the course, The questions or directions are programmed using a branching technique, which provides several possible courses of action for the user to choose in order to move from one sequence to another. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions.