which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

The perspective is overly precise. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. c. cognitive-behavioral We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. 88. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. 162. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. d. latent content. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. c. overgeneralization. 2.2.1.5. c. operant conditioning. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. 77. c. intellectualization. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. b. family structure and communication. I'm here for you." The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. 22. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. c. people are driven to self-actualize. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. c. The receiving neurons fire. b. map, or sequence, genes. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. d. countertransference. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. 103. 146. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. 28. a. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. 112. Banduras Classic Experiment. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. 130. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. 91. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. Which would be a part of your paradigm? This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. c. psychoanalytic theory. Figure 2.10. a. modeling. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. c. psychoanalysts. 89. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. b. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. c. neurotransmitters. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. 90. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. 35. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. 131. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Continuous or partial? c. axons. In this case, extinction continues. Think of it as an If-Then statement. 2. a. Perls. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. 113. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. a. psychodynamic She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. Observational learning. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 134. a. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. 117. c. neurons. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. b. dendrites. b. secondary prevention. Thats all right. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. 2.2.1.1. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. d. bipolar disorder. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? All of the models include an element of the biological model. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. b. self theory. 2.3.2.1. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. 147. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. A patient has social anxiety disorder. b. humanistic. 148. 160. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. d. humanistic. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? 2.2.2. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology c. manifest content. 84. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. 66. Consider your parents for a minute. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 47. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. b. Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. b. overgeneralization. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. c. sociocultural. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. b. transference. 126. d. fixation. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? This is an example of behavior modification using: Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? c. Beck. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. c. illogical thinking. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. d. psychotropic treatment. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. c. children who very seldom fight. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. 2.2.2.3. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. 52. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. b. learned behavior. 2.3.3.6. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Models aid us with doing all of this. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. c. gestalt. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. b. operant conditioning. d. transference. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever.